Plato Abstract biography

Hippocrates philosophy in the philosophy of Plato are mixed by many different currents, including a metaphysical nature. It is known that he believed in the idea of ​​relocating souls, and at the same time in the numerical principles of Pythagoras. Mysticism as a background of phenomena is also found in the writings of a philosopher quite often. There is even evidence that he was a member of the Eleusian mysteries.

The very philosophy of that time was born in endless disputes about the nature of things. In dialogs, Plato talks about man and religion, science and mysticism, spiritual and carnal love. In his theory of ideas, the philosopher denies that the material world is real. According to Plato, he only copies or displays what exists in reality. That is, the philosopher believed in the existence of two worlds at once: the one that is felt with a pure mind, and tangible, perceived through the senses.

Plato is considered one of the founders of the theory of idealism. He believed exclusively in absolute entities, not changing in time or space. Their philosopher called Aidos - ideas. According to Plato's theory, these phenomena exist autonomously, along with space and changing, specific objects or objects. So the principle of the unity of dualism arises. In it, the existence of a single without much is recognized as impossible.

In his philosophy, Plato and the idea of ​​good, as a higher aspiration, perfection similar to the sun. He applies the principles of dualism in the study of human nature. The philosopher often contrasts each other with the soul and body, while pointing to the immortality of the first and the defense of the second. He develops this topic in many of his works. And even withdraws 4 arguments in favor of the fact that the soul is immortal.

At the same time, indicating that staying in the earthly body is more likely to her. In Plato's dialogs, the question of what the soul consists of. These are 3 components: mind, will, rage and feelings of passion. Cognition of the essence of things Plato produces a turn of dialectics. It consists in attempts at reasoning, the work of the mind, disputes in which the interlocutors are trying to find the truth.

Dialogues are the most famous of the preserved works of Plato are called his dialogs - essays in which real and fictional characters, including historical discussions, lead to each other. It is known that in life their author did not grant a written form of presentation of thoughts too much. Hence the dialogs imitating an oral conversation. They allowed the author not only to humbly accept criticism, but also to answer it.

A feature of dialogs is the presence of mainly two central characters: the hero and his opponent. The name of the main one is usually carried out in the title. Also, inequality is clearly visible in dialogs - this is always a conversation between ignorant with the sage. It allows you to bring the narrative to the logical ending without turning it into an endless struggle of arguments.

Papyrus of Plato’s dialogs exists the theory of “silence”, according to which, far from all his ideas Plato represented in writing. In dialogs, they are mentioned only indirectly. But they often develop in the writings of students of the philosopher. For example, Aristotle leads to them quite often. Another technique of Plato in dialogs is a temporary deviation from the topic.

It is used to search for support in disputes, where the position of one of the participants in the discussion has already begun to develop. In addition, in these works of the philosopher his literary talent is well traced. In dialogs, Plato masterfully uses through effects, and other elements that allow us to judge its high education. All works of this cycle are divided into 9 tetralios.

And if their early parts are devoted to theological reflections rather, later discover the vision of the philosopher in relation to more domestic, mundane things. And some of them are completely autobiographical. Plato's letters included in the last, ninth tetralogy of Plato's dialogue 13 letters attribute it to its authorship, but there is no reliable confirmation of this.

By default, the philosopher is considered their creator. But some of them researchers consider it false. The manuscript of Plato of the letter is personal messages sent by Plato. Among the addressees are the tyrant Syracuse Dionysius the Younger, 4 out of 13 trials are addressed to him. And in his later messages, Hermius, Corsic and Erast are mentioned. The letters were translated into Russian by S.

Corpus Platoncum all the well -known works of Plato are customary to combine into the so -called Platonov corps. The first such publication appeared in the III century BC. The famous philologist, who went down in history under the name Aristophan Byzantine, worked on his version. It is known that this editorial office did not enter part of the works of Plato, whose authorship was doubtful or unprovable.

The systematization of the works of the philosopher in this case was carried out according to trilogs and themes. So, in the version of Aristophanes, works of different periods, a literary level and quality were united. The principle of division on tetralogy was introduced by the later publisher and editor of Plato's labors - Transille. He lived in the 1st century n.The Platonovs of the body of one of the most famous theories of Plato can be called the concept of the relationship between the classic elements of the elements and solid bodies stated in the “Timea” dialogue.

Cuba corresponded to the earth, the octahedron air, the icosahedron water, and the tetrahedron is fire. The fifth Platonic body was the dodecahedron, according to the theory of the philosopher, which is the material on which the heavens are based. Political works of Plato's philosophy was formed at a time when not a single person of its origin could be outside political discussions.

In the dialogs, the author’s personal opinion is expressed allegorically, through Socrates. The “state” work included in them is, in fact, a direct criticism of a democratic system, in which Plato finds many shortcomings. The philosopher himself manifests himself as a supporter of aristocratism, the management of a policy of a chosen group of people. This entails the opinion of a number of researchers about Plato's tendency to totalitarianism.

In the “state”, the author of dialogs expresses the thought that the excessive freedom of each individual is harmful, and even dangerous. She leads to the fact that self -ogoists, tyrants and dictators, people devoid of morality, immoral, dissolved, begin to strive for authorities. The ideal rulers, according to Plato, could become philosophers. At the same time, he advocated dividing society into classes, the lower of which would be artisans and peasants.

But Plato considered the gender to be insignificant. In his opinion, women are capable of philosophical thoughts no less than men. Plato also sets out his theory of ideal society in the “state”. In his view, the rulers here should live a community, and their offspring to withdraw, educated by society, not knowing their real parents. The principle of selection of leadership for the state should be based on personal virtues and wisdom.

Another political work of Plato is “laws”. In it, the author also describes the utopian model of society. Already based on republican or monarchical foundations. In this case, he admitted the right of citizens to personal property and the creation of a family, but saw the great benefit in strict state intervention in these issues at the level of legislation. If in the "state" Plato believed that the happiness of the individual is negligible for society, in the "laws" he already puts a policy above an individual.

And he considers sanctions a reasonable measure for the implementation of the law. Ethical views, like the whole worldview, the ethical views of Plato have undergone significant changes during his life. And if at first they were quite naive, they subsequently turned into almost ascetic ones. Plato believed in absolute morality, in favor of abandoning sensual joys and secular pastime for the development of the soul.

The philosopher in his works deduces the principles that he sought to follow himself. They are associated with exaltation over the chaos of the sensory world. A man who rejected these thoughts becomes like a god, devoid of evil, according to Plato. All this should contribute to spiritual growth and development, comprehending the ideas of eternal truths. The statements of the philosopher sometimes gave rise to rather ambiguous judgments.

For example, the difference between a person and an animal he saw in the presence of an eternal soul. And also - in a species separation. One of the first definitions of a person according to Plato included the following description: the creature of the bicomonetic, devoid of feathers. In the later version, the absence of wings was added to it, and the presence of wide nails.

History has retained the mention that, in response to the first description of a person by Plato, Diogenes Sinopsky brought him a plucked bird, declaring it by the embodiment of the philosopher’s thoughts. The heritage of Plato's works of Plato were lost in numerous wars and cataclysms that shook the European continent of the century after his death.

Their earliest written versions are dated to the 2nd century BC. They are found on Egyptian papyrus. Some of the "dialogs" were recorded here.