Khrushchev Biography materials

His reign went down in the history of the Soviet Union as a “thaw” - the time of reform and some liberalization of society after the death of I., however, not all the transformations of Khrushchev turned out to be successful, and in the memory of many he remained an extravagant and inconsistent leader. Childhood and youth Nikita Sergeyevich was born in a small village of Kalinovka, Kursk province on April 3 15 in a poor working family.

Khrushchev’s childhood passed in heavy work. He grazed the sheep and worked in the field. The boy did not receive a systematic school education: until 9 years he visited a parish school, where he barely learned to read, letter and elementary score. In the year, the Khrushchev family moved to Yuzovka now Donetsk. Father Sergei Nikanorovich got a job at the mine, mother Ksenia Ivanovna worked as a laundry room.

Nikita Khrushchev spent his youth on mines near Yuzovka. He was ready to study every case with a teenager and took up any work: he cleaned the steam boilers, entered the students to the shoemaker and the locksmith, and worked as the seller. In the year, Nikita settled down a locksmith to the mine, which in the year allowed him to avoid mobilization: they did not call on the fronts of the First World War in Russia.

The February and then October Revolutions of the year changed the life of a young man. He was elected a member of the Council of People's Deputies in the Prigorodny Donetsk village of Rutchenkovo, was a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee, and in December he became the chairman of the trade union of metallists of mining industry. Since the year, Khrushchev took part in the civil war as a member of the Bolshevik party: he led the Red Guard detachment, served as a battalion commissar in the 9th Rifle Division of the Red Army.

Under the political department of the 9th Army in the summer of the year, Khrushchev graduated with honors from a party school and received an appointment to the position of instructor of the political department. In e gg. Khrushchev not only built a party career, but also replenished the gaps in education. At first he studied at the Rabfacian of the Donetsk Mining College, and in the year he went to Moscow and entered the industrial academy.

At the same time, the Academy was attended by Nadezhda Alliluyeva, the wife of Stalin. Acquaintance with her allowed Khrushchev to acquire a powerful patronage, after which the career of the party leader abruptly went uphill. Khrushchev's party career during the xg. In the year, he became the first secretary of one of the Moscow district committees, he headed the metropolitan Mill of the CPSU B since the year, and from a year, preserving this post, and the regional committee.

Khrushchev’s career in the highest echelons of power developed against the backdrop of growing repressions and purges in which he was directly involved. Throughout his life, Nikita Sergeyevich fought with the "enemies of the people" - as he understood this struggle. Despite the fact that the official documents confirming the orders of Khrushchev about arrests and executions in Moscow were not found, repressions against tens of thousands of people, including those who occupied leading party posts, could not be carried out without the consent of the first secretary of the regional committee.

In Ukraine, for - gg. The Great Patriotic War Khrushchev was held with the rank of Lieutenant General in the political posts of a member of the military councils of the Southwestern direction-, the South-Western Front-, Stalingrad, Voronezh and 1st Ukrainian-fronts. After the war ended, Khrushchev remained in Ukraine for several years: since the year he worked as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR since the year, this authority was called the Council of Ministers, and since December he again became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine.

However, after the death of the leader, which followed on March 5 of the year, an intra -party confrontation was flared up, the top of which Khrushchev and his supporters prevailed. One of the most important achievements of Khrushchev as the head of state is the debunking of the so -called "personality cult" of Stalin, condemnation of mass terror, revision of many cases, rehabilitation of repressed.

In the year, the body of Stalin was taken out of the mausoleum. In the year, the party opposition attempted to shift the first secretary from his post, but the supporters of Khrushchev won, and his opponents - “the anti -party group of Malenkov, Kaganov, Molotov and Shepilov,” as the newspapers were called to them, were excluded from the Central Committee, and then from the party.

In the year, Khrushchev also took the post of chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, that is, he combined the positions of the head of the party and the head of government. The new program also included the so -called “Moral Code of the Builders of Communism” - an ethical vault that called for conscientious work, collectivism, honesty, humanism and intolerance to national hostility.

Nikita Khrushchev became one of the few Soviet senior party and state leaders who did not die at the post, but was removed from office. In the year, at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, he was criticized for ill -conceived reforms and “voluntarism” and sent to retire, according to the official wording - “for health reasons”. In retirement, the disgraced politician dictated memoirs, which, during his lifetime, were secretly taken to the United States and published.In particular, he significantly weakened the severity of labor legislation, preserved from the wartime: criminal punishments were canceled for delay and absenteeism, it was allowed to change the place of work, the duration of the working day was reduced.

Under Khrushchev, a law on universal pension provision of citizens was adopted in the year, which, however, did not apply to collective farmers up to a year. In the year, economic reform began, which provided for the decentralization of the management of production and transfer of most powers from the industry ministries created in the regions to the advice of the national economy.

However, in practice, this led only to a violation of the existing rigid economic ties, which in conditions is still planned, and not the market economy of the USSR, did not give the necessary results. Already after the removal of Khrushchev from power, in - gg. In the year, the USSR adopted a seven -year plan for the development of the national economy, also known as a seven -year -old, the tasks of which included the significant development of all industries and agriculture.

During the years of seven years, the pace of industrialization of the country increased. The progress of the technology of the military-industrial complex was intensified by a race of weapons. Under Khrushchev, there were active tests of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, including the explosion of the famous “tsar-bomb” on the New Earth, and the aviation and space industry developed.

In the year, the USSR launched the first artificial satellite of the Earth, in the year Yuri Gagarin went into the first manned flight into space. Simultaneously with the development of high -tech weapons, Khrushchev carried out massive abbreviations of the army. Along with heavy industry and the military -industrial complex, the production of consumer goods quickly grew under Khrushchev.

The active attempts of Khrushchev cannot be recognized as successful. The development of this sector of the economy was carried out by an extensive way: it was assumed to master virgin lands, attempts were made to grow agricultural crops in the climate, and initially not suitable for them. The failure of the corn campaign, during which the huge sown areas gave the “queen of the fields”, became a source of many jokes.

The campaign to triple the production of meat also failed, and attempts to give the desired for real led to disastrous results. So, for example, in the Ryazan region they resorted to massive livestock from private traders and its face, which led to the catastrophic consequences in the agriculture of the region. However, the standard of living of ordinary people by the middle of the X.

Salaries and pensions increased, tax burden decreased, for example, for unmarried women, a childless tax was canceled. Housing conditions have significantly improved: mass construction unfolded under Khrushchev, housing cooperatives were organized, due to which, for several years, millions of people who had been in communal services and barracks were able to get individual apartments - the famous “Khrushchevs”.

Khrushchev also spent the reform of education. Boys and girls with him again began to go to general, rather than separate schools, training for high school students from grades 8 to 10 and students became free. Censorship weakened, the previously prohibited literary works began to be published, films with a rather critical attitude to reality. However, this cultural and social “thaw” had stiff boundaries.

Simultaneously with the popularity of the “sixties” there were persecution of writers and poets “not fitting into the framework” of writers and poets, an exhibition of avant-garde artists in the Moscow arena was defeated, and the anti-religious campaign did not stop. Foreign policy of Khrushchev’s foreign policy reflected the contradictory nature of his activity. The arms race continued, due to an attempt to place nuclear missiles in Cuba, the Caribbean crisis of the year erupted.

Sometimes this confrontation took anecdotal forms. At the exhibition in Sokolniki, Khrushchev in the fusion told him: “We will still show you Kuzkin's mother! The emerging liberalization of relations with the countries of the social camp did not last long. One of the dark pages of the Khrushchev time was the Hungarian uprising of the year and its suppression.

With the advent of Khrushchev to power, relations with China noticeably worsened, whose leadership adversely perceived the tennilinization in the USSR. At the same time, the Iron Curtain began to rise a little. In the year, the USSR received the VI World Festival of Youth and Students: thousands of foreigners came to Moscow, with whom it was possible to communicate relatively freely.

In the year, Khrushchev’s visit to the United States took place. Despite the fact that this visit did not make significant changes in foreign policy, the very fact of the Soviet leader’s trip to America became significant for both countries. The Caribbean crisis, during which humanity was on the verge of nuclear war, entailed the establishment of a direct communication channel between the leaders of the USA and the USSR.

This line of emergency communication is still valid, its performance is controlled around the clock. The family and personal life in Khrushchev’s personal life were many sad moments. Nikita Sergeevich was married three times.His first wife, Efrosinya Ivanovna Pisareva, died of typhoid, not having lived to 25 years. She gave birth to Khrushchev two children - daughter Julia and son of Leonid.

Leonid Nikitovich Khrushchev became a military pilot and died at the front in the spring of the year. The second marriage of Khrushchev lasted only a couple of years, but Nikita Sergeyevich, after a divorce, helped his ex-wife for a long time. In the year, Khrushchev created a family with Nina Petrovna Kukharchuk, but they officially registered marriage only 40 years later, in the year.

Nina Kukharchuk played the protocol role of the “first lady”, accompanying her husband during official visits. With her, Khrushchev had four children, but the first daughter of Nadezhda died in early childhood. Khrushchev’s daughter is Rada Nikitichna in marriage Adjubey became a famous journalist, editor, worked for half a century in the journal “Science and Life”, turning it into one of the most popular publications in the USSR.

Son Sergey Nikitich is known as a Soviet and American scientist, publicist, political scientist, specialist in the history of the Cold War. Another daughter of Khrushcheva, Elena Nikitichna, was also engaged in scientific activities. The death and funeral of Khrushchev’s death occurred on September 11 from an extensive heart attack. The highest party nomenclature was confused: how to bury the disgraced first secretary?

It was unthinkable to observe all the laid honors, ignore the event at all - too. As a result, N. Khrushchev was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery, and not in the necropolis near the Kremlin wall.

Farewell to him was made closed, and no one except close relatives was allowed into the cemetery. The monument on the grave of the politician was performed by the sculptor Ernst Unknown - one of the very avant -garde players whom Khrushchev smashed in the year. Black granite and white marble of the monument were perfectly reflected by the inconsistency of his reign, gloomy and bright sides of the person.

Results of activity, the biography of Nikita Khrushchev perfectly illustrates the thesis that a person from social lower classes could come up to the management of the country in the Soviet years. Having passed the path from the poor and illiterate worker to the head of a huge state, over the long years of his life, Khrushchev did not lose his connection with the people and often allowed himself to deliberately a simple appearance, but his contemporaries emphasized his mind, a sense of humor and a subtle ability to find compromises between different points of vision.

Despite the numerous failures, the failure of the agricultural reform of Nikita Khrushchev and a difficult foreign policy, we can say confidently: with him people began to live better. The incomes of the population increased, pensions began to be paid, consumer loans were issued at a minimum percentage, mass housing construction has unfolded.