Aristotle his biography
Search Aristotle Aristotle BC. For almost twenty years, Aristotle studied at the Plato Academy and, apparently, taught for some time there. Having left the academy, Aristotle became the teacher of Alexander the Great. Aristotle made a significant contribution to the ancient education system, having founded Likey in Athens, which continued its activities for many centuries.
He conceived and organized large -scale natural research, which Alexander financed. These studies led to many fundamental discoveries, but the greatest achievements of Aristotle relate to the field of philosophy. Aristotle's works that have reached us are divided by the content into 7 groups. Logical treatises united in the Code of Organon: “Categories”, “On the interpretation”, “Analysts the first and second”, “Topica”.
Physical treatises: “Physics”, “On the origin and destruction”, “On the sky”, “On meteorological issues”. Biological treatises: “History of animals”, “On parts of animals”, “On the emergence of animals”, “On the movement of animals”, as well as a treatise “On the Soul”. The composition of the “first philosophy”, considering the existing as such and subsequently the name “metaphysics”.
Ethical works are the so -called “nicomakhov ethics” dedicated to Nikomah, the son of Aristotle and “Eudemov Ethics” dedicated to the Eudem, the student of Aristotle. Socio-political and historical works: “Politics”, “Athenian Politia”. Work on art, poetry and rhetoric: “rhetoric” and not completely “poetics”. Aristotle covered almost all knowledge available to his time. In his “first philosophy” “metaphysics”, Aristotle criticized Plato's teaching about ideas and gave a solution to the issue of attitude in the being of a common and single.
A single-that which exists only “somewhere” and “now”, it is sensually perceived. The general is what exists anywhere and at any time “everywhere” and “always”, manifesting under certain conditions in a single one through which it is known. The general is the subject of science and is comprehended. To explain what exists, Aristotle accepted 4 reasons: the essence and essence of being, by virtue of which every thing is that it is a formal reason; Matter and the subject substrate-from which something arises a material reason; driving cause, start of movement; The target reason is what something is done for.
Although Aristotle recognized the matter of one of the first reasons and considered it a certain essence, he saw in it only a passive beginning of the opportunity to become something, attributed all the same activity to the other three reasons, and the essence of being-form-attributed eternity and immutability, and considered the source of all movement the motionless but driving principle-God.
The God of Aristotle is the “primary” of the world, the highest goal of all forms and formations developing according to their own laws. Aristotle's teaching about “form” is the teaching of objective idealism. However, this idealism, as Lenin noted, in many respects, “Movement, according to Aristotle, is the transition of something from the possibility of reality. Aristotle distinguished 4 kinds of movements: high -quality, or change; quantitative - increase and decrease; movement - spatial movement; The occurrence and destruction, reduced to the first two types.
According to Aristotle, every really existing single thing is the unity of “matter” and “form”, and “form” is inherent in the very substance “species” accepted by him. The same object of the sensual world can be considered both “matter” and as “form”. Copper is “matter” in relation to the ball “form”, which casts from copper. But the same copper is a “form” in relation to physical elements, the connection of which, according to Aristotle, is a substance of copper.
All reality turned out to be, thus, the sequence of transitions from “matter” to “form” and from “form” to “matter”. In the doctrine of knowledge and his types, Aristotle distinguished between “dialectical” and “apodict” knowledge. The area of the first is the “opinion” obtained from experience, the second is reliable knowledge. Although the opinion can gain a very high degree of probability in its content, the experience is not, by Aristotle, the last instance of the reliability of knowledge, because the highest principles of knowledge are contemplated directly.
Aristotle saw the goal of science in the complete definition of an object, achieved only by combining deduction and induction: 1 knowledge of each individual property should be acquired from experience; 2 The belief that this property is essential should be proved by the conclusion of a special logical form - category, syllogism. The study of the categorical syllogism carried out by Aristotle in Analytics has become, along with the doctrine of evidence, the central part of its logical teaching.
Aristotle understood the connection between the three terms of syllogism as a reflection of the connection of the investigation, cause and carrier of the cause. The basic principle of syllogism expresses a connection between the genera, type and single thing.The totality of scientific knowledge cannot be reduced to a single system of concepts, because there is no such thing that could be a predicate of all other concepts: therefore, it was necessary for the Aristotle to indicate all the highest births - the categories to which the remaining births of existing are reduced.
Aristotle cosmology, with all the achievements, reducing the entire sum of visible celestial phenomena and movements of the luminaries into a harmonious theory in some parts was backward in comparison with the cosmology of Democritus and Pythagoreism. The influence of the geocentric cosmology of Aristotle remained up to Copernicus. Aristotle was guided by the planetary theory of Evdoks Knidsky, but attributed to the planetary spheres a real physical existence: the Universe consists of a number of concentric spheres moving at various speeds and the extreme sphere of motionless stars.
The Earth as the most heavy element occupies the central place, over it, the membranes of water, air and fire are sequentially located above it. In the field of biology, one of the merits of Aristotle is his doctrine of biological expediency, based on observations over the appropriate structure of living organisms. Aristotle's appropriation samples in nature saw in such facts as the development of organic structures from seed, various manifestations of the expedient animal instinct, the mutual adaptability of their organs, etc.
In the biological works of Aristotle, which have long been the main source of information on zoology, gives the classification and description of numerous species of animals. Matter of life is the body, the form is the soul, which Aristotle called "entelchy." Accordingly, three kinds of living creatures plants, animals, Aristotle man distinguished three souls, or three parts of the soul: plant, animal sensing and reasonable.