Colombus biography

The population of Colombia, according to the year, is about a person, the average population density of about 31 people per km2. Language: Spanish state; The legislation recognizes the superiority of the languages ​​of national minorities in the territories of their compact residence and grants the right to teach in two languages.

The capital of Bogota. The largest cities: Bogota man. Kali man, Medelin man, Barrankilla man, Cartagena man. State structure of the Republic. Samper has been written in the position from August 7. Money unit Colombian peso. Europeans landed on the shore of Colombia in the year, during the last Caribbean expedition of Christopher Columbus. At that time, the Chibcha Indians empire was on the territory of modern Colombia, and we only had a colonized territory by the year.

In the year, the Chibcha Empire was included in the audience of the new Granada, and between and years in the period of the Vice-Korolevism, the new Granada. At the beginning of the 19th century, several liberation wars followed, and on August 7, the independence of the new Granada was proclaimed, and on December 17, the Great Columbia state was formed, which, in addition to modern Colombia, Panamu, Venezuela and Ecuador.

However, already in the year Venezuela and Ecuador separated and proclaimed independence. Panama separated from Columbia in the year. From the middle of the X to the middle of the XX century in Colombia there was a real war between the government and powerful cocaine cartels of Medelinsky and Kaliysky. However, in the year the head of the Medelinsky cartel Pablo Escobar was killed, and in the year the Kali cartel was actually defeated.

Colombia is almost completely located in the tropical zone. However, the country's climate is heterogeneous and changes depending on the height above sea level. In the coastal areas and valley of the Magdalena River, a tropical climate with an average annual temperature of 24 gr. C to 27 gr. WITH; At height from to M above sea level, the climate is subtropical, and from to M is moderate.

Above m above sea level is a cold climatic zone, where the temperature drops to a level of 13 g. In Barrankille, respectively, 27 gr. Dry and wet seasons change every three months during the year. The vegetation of Colombia also changes depending on climatic zones. Mangro trees and coconut palm trees grow on the coast. Forests occupy about half of the territory of the country, red tree, oak, walnut, cedar, pine, several types of balmin grow in them.

In tropical forests, you can find rubber, vanilla tree, sarsaparil. Fauna is quite diverse: jaguar, puma, tapir, bakers, ants, sloth, armadillo, several species of monkeys. Once upon a time, numerous alligators became a rarity due to active hunting. There are a lot of birds; The most common representatives: condor, vulture, cupboard, several types of parrots, Caccadus, hummingbirds. In Columbia, traces of one of the most interesting civilizations of the Western Hemisphere are open.

Not far from San Agustin, at the source of the Magdalen River, a large number of stone figures were found in the caves, vaguely reminiscent of the statues of the Aztec empire. Among the numerous museums of the country, the National Museum with a collection of exhibits of the Spanish conquest and the colonial period is especially distinguished; National Archaeological Museum; The gold museum in which the gold products of the pre -Columbus period are exhibited.

All these museums are in Bogota. In Cartagena, the Spanish fortress. In Bogota: the Church of San Francisco; National cathedral set on the site of the Church of the Indians; Not far from the city, the underground salt cathedral in Zigakuir and Vekendama waterfalls. In Medelin: Orchidorama Botanical Garden with a huge collection of orchids. Culture cultural traditions in Colombia still preserve rich and various cultural traditions of the pre -Columbian era.

In some tribal groups of the Indians, agriculture and crafts were practiced, artistic products made of stone and precious metals were made, including gold. The preserved temples, statues and ceramics indicate the wealth of their culture; Indian influence is still noticeable in works of folk art, in sculpture, fabrics, music and dancing. The Spanish colonists spent much less forces on the development of a new Granada, as they called Colombia than to other areas of Latin America.

The first university in Colombia was founded only in, and at Santo Doming University of St. Thomas had existed by this time for 40 years. The first printed machine in Colombia appeared in, years later than in Mexico. Families of aristocrats usually did not settle in the area, so majestic palaces were not built here. And since the Catholic Church possessed the greatest wealth, the art of the colonial period is represented mainly by church architecture, paintings of religious content and statues of saints.

The achievements of the literature and art of Columbia are the subject of national pride.The inhabitants of Colombia are also proud of their Spanish language, which many consider to be closer to the pure Castilian, that is, as an actual Spanish, language than the dialects in which the continent speak in other countries. The Law on the Protection of the Language was adopted, according to which it is prohibited that the use of non -refill words in official documents.

In Colombia, several Indian languages ​​have been preserved to this day, but they mainly speak the inhabitants of remote areas. Fine art and architecture art and architecture of the colonial period were characterized by the predominance of forms of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. In the 16-17 centuries. An excellent example of the style of the platery is the Cathedral in Tunchus, the mannerism of the San Igonasio Church in Bogota; The Baroque style palace of the Inquisition in Cartagena and the Church of San Francisco in Pogayan.

Since Kartate was opened by attacks from the sea, it was thoroughly strengthened and can serve as a model of military architecture. By the middle of the 18th century Spanish architect Domingo de Petres - designed several cathedrals and palaces in a neoclassical style. In the new Granad, a large school of Latin American colonial painting developed, which developed mainly in line with mannerism and baroque.

Of the artists of the colonial era, the painter and graphic, the author of religious and allegorical paintings by Gregorio Vasquez, from artists of the 19th century, is most famous. The National School of Fine Arts was opened, where entire generations of artists received training. Among the landscapes of the beginning of the 20th century. In the years, political revolutionary movements were reflected in Colombian painting.

Under the influence of Mexican artists, the work of famous Colombian monumentalists who complied with a number of murals of public buildings Pedro Nel Gomez r. In the middle of the century, abstractionism had a great influence on the art of Colombia, as can be seen on the example of a number of artists Marco Ospin and Guillermo Videmann and Sculptors Edgar Negret.

At the same time, the two most famous Colombian artist Enrique Grau r. In particular, this applies to drawings, painting and sculpture Bothero, depicting exorbitantly bite figures in static poses. In the Colombian art, the topics of social conflicts come to the fore; This can be seen on the example of the work of artists such as Norman Mexy, Luciano Haramillo and Leonel Gongora.

Perhaps it was precisely the reaction to the chaotic imagery that the strict geometric compositions of Omar Rayo, Fanny Sanin and Manolo Velokhin became the strict geometric compositions. Literature at the origins of the Colombian literary tradition are chronicles of the 16-17 centuries. During the struggle for independence in the political and literary life of Colombia, educational ideas borrowed from France were very popular; The active preacher of these ideas was Antonio Narigno, later the Columbian-Romantic writer Horhe Isac-created one of the most read Romanov Maria Romans in Latin America, the most famous lyrical poets of the 19th century.

Jose Eusebio Karo - and Rafael Pombo - poets and philologists Rufino Jose Kuervo - and Miguel Antonio Caro - the founders of the humanities of Colombia; The Karo and Kuervo Institute, created in the development of linguistic, philological, literary and biographical research, occupies an honorable place among such institutions of Latin America. Among the Latin American poets, the Modern poets of the late 19th century.

Guillermo Valencia - who was often called the most Parnassian from Latin American poets, combined in his verses the classic style of Greek and Latin poetry with the features of the Spanish style of early Renaissance. The polemic reaction to modernism was a postmodern tendency: with particular acuteness, it manifested itself in the sarcastic domestic poetry of Luis Carlos Lopez - and in the tragic emotionally naked lyrics of Miguel Angel Osorio Psevd.

Porfirio Barba Hakob, - avant -garde trends in Colombian poetry are represented by Leon de Graff - and Luis Vidales r. Of the prose writers, the initiator of the realism of Thomas Carraskilya, and especially Jose Eustasio Rivera, was enjoyed fame, the novel of which the abyss tells of the difficult life of rubber collectors in the jungle of the upper Amazon. Herman Arsniegas r.

Playwright Enrique Buenavvent r. Eduardo Caballero Calderon - gained fame of rural themes. The most famous modern Colombian writer is Gabrieli Garcia Marquez R. The music and dancing of Colombia is rich in folklore traditions in which Spanish, African and Indian roots are noticeable. The national dance of Bambukona is the Spanish Fandango. A special musical genre of Murga is distributed in the area of ​​Playan; The works in this genre are performed by stray street musicians on string instruments.

A musical instrument such as a pigs is widespread, Chirimia, which gave its name to music groups; The melodies performed by them bear obvious traces of the influence of the musical culture of the Indian mountain tribes. In Columbia, there is a National Symphony Orchestra Op.Education in the colonial period the main goal of educational institutions was the spread of the Spanish language and the Catholic faith.

Education was in the hands of the family and the church, but the state had no relation to it. An important event of the colonial period was the creation in the botanical expedition with the aim of studying vegetation, as well as for astronomical and geographical observations; For 20 years, at the head of the expedition, Jose Celestino Mutis stood - the activities of this first scientific organization covered painting, medicine, cosmography, mathematics, mining, agriculture, construction and other branches of knowledge and made a genuine revolution in the scientific thought of the colony of New Granada.

After independence, liberals and conservatives led hot debate about what education should be in the country; Some defended a secular education for everyone, while others advocated support for the elite led by the Church. This split affected the education system in Colombia throughout its history. The Constitution and Concordat recognized the dominant position in the education system and at the same time secured the existing gap between city and rural schools.

Adopted into the law on state education laid the foundations of the public education system in Colombia. In accordance with this law, education should be free, but should not be mandatory.