The biography of the spiritualists

Yaroslavl - Gg. The noble son, he glorified his name, defeating the Turkish fleet in the Battle of Chesmens on June 26. The Turks lost about 10 thousand people in that battle.

Losses of Russians - only 11 people! Grigory Andreevich Spiridov was born 29 18 according to the old style of January of the year in the family of the impoverished nobleman Major Andrei Alekseevich Spiridov, who served as a commandant in Vyborg. In infancy for some time, Gregory with his mother and two brothers lived in the village of uncle near Uglich.

At the age of ten, he was given to the Baltic Fleet, where he began serving on one of the best battleships “St. Alexander” in the year and received the rank of midshipman at the summer, passing exams at the rate of navigation sciences. He entered Grigory Andreevich at the Maritime Academy, where he studied the naval case for 3 years. The impeccable behavior of the pupil and his ardent desire to perfectly master the profession of a naval officer were seen by the authorities of the academy, he was ahead of schedule awarded the Midmanskiy title.

Grigory Andreevich began the actual service at the Caspian Sea, in Astrakhan. His direct boss was Lieutenant Alexei Ivanovich Nagaev, who described the Caspian Sea. Subsequently, Nagaev will become an admiral and a well -known hydrograph and a cartographer. A little later, Spiridov was transferred to Kronstadt, to the Baltic, and then - to the Don flotilla as the adjutant of the commander of Admiral Peter Petrovich Bredal.

This appointment allowed Spiridov to gain combat experience during the Russo-Turkish war. In the year, Spiridov is again in the north, now in the Arkhangelsk port. Twice he participated in difficult transitions from Arkhangelsk to Kronstadt along the Baltic Sea and the Neva, leading the ships just built along the difficult route. Grigory Andreevich, despite his youth, trusted responsible instructions.

For example, in the year he was the commander of the Russian frigate, which delivered to Kile from St. Petersburg the Prince of Holstein Augustus. In the year, the 3rd rank captain Spiridov was sent to Kazan to organize the supply of ship forest to St. Petersburg. But Spiridov had little practical combat experience, like the entire Baltic fleet. During the Seven Years War, in the First Large -scale battle, when taking a powerful fortress, Kolberg Grigory Andreevich showed himself a brave, intelligent naval officer and commander.

He led the landing of the sailors to the Vuntshev battery - a key point of the coastal defense, during the weekly battles by night storming on September 7, it captured it, thereby ensuring the troops of P. Rumyantsev by the capture of the fortress. Since May, Spiridov has become Vice Admiral and commander of the Kronstadt squadron, and a little later he receives the Revel Port under his command.

A year later, Spiridov was appointed chief commander of the port of Kronstadt. But the star hour of Vice Admiral Grigory Andreyevich Spiridov came during the Russo-Turkish war. The envious people gossiped that the career of Spiridov was moving only with the support of the royal favorite of Count Orlov. But this is a lie. Grigory Andreevich underwent half-century service from Yungi to Vice Admiral on all Russian seas, had vast experience in command.

It was Spiridov that Empress Catherine II instructed to command the Russian squadron of 15 ships aimed at the Balkan Peninsula to support the rebellious population against the Turks. During the Russo-Turkish war in the city, after the hardest transition, pretty battered ships gathered in the appointed place. The Turkish squadron exceeded the Russian twice, and the personnel were not exhausted by diseases.

However, this did not prevent our fleet under the command of the Admiral in the Khios Strait and Chesmensky Bay to defeat the Turkish fleet and destroy it completely. The Chesmensky battle of the G. Russian squadron, consisting of 9 battleships, 3 frigates and 18 small ships armed with guns, opposed the Turkish fleet, consisting of 16 battleships, 6 frigates, 6 cerebrals, 13 galleys and 32 small ships, 16 thousand Turkish sailors, in service with guns.

Before the Khios battle on June 24, Count Orlov entrusted Spiridov to develop a plan of the future battle. Spiridov, who commanded the ships from the side of the Eustathius of the Eustathius, applied the fundamentally new tactics of sea battles, ordering the vanguard of his ships to move at a right angle on the enemy’s battle formations and start an attack on his center and an avant -garde with a short distance.

This maneuver was very risky, since the Russian ships came closer to the Turkish in the wake column almost perpendicular to the enemy lines and were subjected to the longitudinal fire of artillery of part of the Turkish ships, being deprived of the opportunity to respond with an on -board salvo. The calculation was built on rapid rapprochement with the enemy, which allowed a little minimizing losses.

After a three -hour battle and the explosion of their flagship, Turkish ships hastily left the battlefield and took refuge in the Chesmensky bay, protected by several batteries. Russian ships blocked the way out of it and began to prepare the battle later.On the night of June 25 to June 26, Spiridov commanded the Russian fleet in the victorious Chesen battle, for which he developed a plan for a simultaneous attack by near artillery shelling and a blow to the firewalls.

The Russian battleships “Europe”, “Rostislav” and “Not Touching Me” formed a line from north to south and entered the battle with Turkish ships, and the “thunder” and the frigate “Africa” attacked batteries on the western bank of the bay. As a result of the fire of Russian ships, one of the Turkish battleships exploded due to the transition of flame from burning sails to the hull. Fire quickly spread to other ships in the bay.

After the explosion of the second Turkish ship, the Russians ceased fire, and the branders entered the bay. Two of them managed to shoot the Turks, and one under the command of Lieutenant D. Ilyin grabbed with a Turkish cannon battleship. Ilyin set fire to the Brander, and he himself left him on the boat. The ship exploded and set fire to the majority of the remaining Turkish ships.

On the chain, Turkish ships began to explode one after another. In the morning, Russian ships entered the harbor. The Turkish fleet was destroyed. The entire Turkish garrison of the Chesmensky bay fled to Smirna. The son of Admiral Alexei Grigorievich Spiridov was sent to St. Petersburg with the news of the victory. The losses of the Russians amounted to only 11 people, while the Turks - about 11 thousand, including the wounded.

For this victory, the admiral was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First -Called, and Empress Catherine II in honor of Chesmensky battle ordered the Church and a memorable column. The Chesmensky battle of Chesmensky battle is a glorious page in the history of the Russian Navy, which will forever enter the textbooks of history and the memory of the people.

Spiridov developed and applied the strict form of the near blockade of enemy vessels in combination with blows to the coastal fortresses and interception of enemy communications. He enriched the tactics of naval battle, violating the basics of linear tactics. Its basic principle is the concentration of forces in the main direction, the use of an artillery attack with short distances, the surprise of the attack and the selection of optimal means of battle.

As a reward from Empress Catherine the Great, he received land lands in the Pereslavl district, including the village of Nagoria “in the Nagoria Grigory Andreevich and settled after retiring at the age of 60 with the right to receive a pension equal to a complete admiral’s salary. The official reason for the resignation is due to health reasons. But the resignation, according to some assumptions, was connected with the resentment of the admiral that all his merits in the field of the Russo-Turkish war were attributed to the favorite of the empress Count Orlov.

Grigory Andreevich Spiridov died on April 8, was buried in his estate - the village of Nagoria, in the crypt of a church previously built at his expense. The generic tomb of the Spiridovs in the church is the transformation of the Savior. The village of Nagorie was the local peasants and a faithful friend Stepan Khmetevsky, the commander of the Three Saints in the Chesmensky battle, escorted him on his last journey.

A monument was erected in the Nagoria to the admiral and the main street was named in his honor. In the now restored Preobrazhenskaya Church, access to the Grave of the Admiral is opened in the Nagoria. Now in the center of the Nagoria, a monument is erected in the park surrounding the admiral’s house and a museum is opened. The fate of the next generations of the noble family of the Spiridovs are associated with the highlands.

Grigory Andreevich had four sons and two daughters. The eldest son, Andrei Grigoryevich, participated in three marine campaigns, during a naval expedition to the Mediterranean Sea, he was an adjutant with his father, commander of a squadron. The second son - Matvey Grigoryevich did not go to military service, but took up public affairs. After the death of Admiral Matvey Grigorievich becomes the master of the estate in the Nagoria.

Having married the daughter of the famous historian Shcherbatov Irina Mikhailovna, he became interested in history and won fame as one of the ancestors of the Russian genealogy. He was buried near the village of Nagoria-in the Nikolo-Solbinsky monastery of Pereslavl district. The third son Alexei Grigoryevich from childhood tied his fate with the sea. Together with his father, he participated in sea battles at the root, hios and garge.

For participation in many campaigns and sea battles, he was awarded the Order of St. George, the Order of St. Anne, the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky. In the year he was appointed commander of the Revelsky port, in the year he was the military governor of the city of Arkhangelsk. Alexey Spiridov was not only a sailor, but also a famous writer. The youngest son - Grigory Grigoryevich - was an officer in the Semenovsky Guards Regiment, in the rank of captain participated in the Swedish war under Catherine II and, at the end of this campaign, retired at the rank of foreman.

During the war with Napoleon, he volunteer in the Pereslavl militia and in his ranks participates in numerous skirmishes with units of the French army. After the expulsion of the French from Moscow, Grigory Grigoryevich was first appointed commandant, and then the civil governor of the capital. The grandson of Admiral Spiridov Mikhail Matveevich was born on the family estate near Pereslavl.A participant in the Patriotic War and all its largest "general" battles, for which he was awarded two orders.

As part of the Russian troops reached Paris. In the year was in the ranks of the Decembrists.