Hoffmans sociologist biography

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His parents, Jewish immigrants from Ukraine, wanted to see his son as a chemical in-Himik, and after graduating from the Technical School of St. John in the city of Hoffmann, he entered the chemical faculty of the University of Manitoba. However, a few years later, contrary to the will of his parents, he quit his studies for his childhood - Kino and moved to Ottawa, where in the Citybook.

It is curious that the only sister of Hoffmann who divided the love of the theater and cinema with him later became a popular Canadian actress. The experience gained in these two years will be in demand by him when creating the theory of frames - in the study of the organization of everyday interactions, Hoffmann confidently refers to cinematography theorists: V.

Pudovkin, B. Uspensky, B. However, at first, the Hoffmann is not attracted by the theory of cinema, but the practice of “transforming” of ordinary attributes of social life on the screen. Ordinary ones - because the young Hoffmann is busy in the production of commercials. There are no panoramic scenes and expensive decorations, but in the frame - an excess of consumer and everyday household items.

Rather, items imitating objects of consumption and everyday life. For example, so that a mug with beer on the movie screen looks like a beer mug, it should not be poured into it, but glycerin, generously adding whipped shaving foam. Therefore, a mug with glycerin is a “like” mug with beer, its iconic sign, visual representation, which cannot be replaced by a referent itself.

According to the fair remark of V. Meyerhold, a portrait drawn on the canvas will not become more convincing if you cut your nose out of it and force a person posing to an artist to put his own nose into the formed hole. In the theory of Frames, Hoffmann will call this attitude by transponing, while, working in the Committee on Cinematography, he first thinks about the problem of the connection of the “image” and “depicted” - a problem that goes through a red thread through all his work.

There, in the film committee, Hoffmann meets sociologist Dannis Rong. Under his influence, he enters the University of Toronto at the faculty of sociology and anthropology. Having received the atmosphere of the post -war American society in the city: the euphoria of the Victory, the intended economic growth, young people in worn uniform on the streets. The University of Chicago is feverish from the influx of veterans acting on "military benefits." The number of students and undergraduates has grown several times, the professors have no time left to deal with their diplomats and graduate students.

In this environment, Hoffmann cannot find himself for a long time and studies very badly. Relations with classmates and teachers do not develop. For the ulcerative nature, inanimacy and sarcasm, classmates called him "a little splinter." Against the backdrop of rapid social changes, the once famous faculty looks archaic, but the last generation of sociologists of the Chicago school - to which the Hoffmann attributes itself to the research of the everyday world, the discovery in the layer of everyday and obvious new topics of sociological analysis.

However, this analysis itself, according to the memoirs of Hoffmann, is very eclectic, but eclecticism in Chicago is rather an element of a research style than a consequence of a lack of methodological reflection: in X, when I was in Chicago, many different things could be combined: ecology, research of social organization, class analysis with Warner, etc. But later, when the Columbia University prevailed and became a leading university-mainly thanks to Lazarsfeld, the Lazarsfel-Dodology methodology began to dominate in American sociology then the University of Chicago split into two groups: people who rejected quantitative methods and people who rejected qualitative ones.

However, in the middle of X everything did everything. It is curious that the Hoffmann at the stage of study does not capture the ideas of symbolic interactionism, which is rapidly developing during this period, which for some time was destined to become a "civil religion" of the faculty of sociology of the University of Chicago. Although subsequently Hoffmann was repeatedly reckoned with the interactionist approach by the authors of numerous textbooks.

Of the socio-classic-classic Hoffmann, the work of J. Mid, A. Radcliffe-Brown, E. Durkheim and M. from contemporaries-W. Warner and E. Thanks to Evete Hughes and William Warner, begins to get involved in research activities. Hughes, Canadian by origin, is one of the heirs of the tradition of R. Park, the founder of the "city ethnography", who made a noticeable contribution to the sociology of professions.

At seminars, Huffman first hears the expression "Total Institute", which later became a central concept in his study of psychiatric clinics. Later, in an interview, Hoffmann will connect the influence that Hughes had on him, with the tradition of social psychology, J. Foreign Ministry: ".From here you can move in any direction; One of them was developed by Evetus Hughes: something like the sociology of professions and urban ethnography.

And what I did a few years ago- before I discovered something more interesting for myself in sociolinguistics- was a version of urban ethnography and the Midovo social psychology. So if I still need to glue the “label”, “Hugh-Zzovsky sociology” would be a more suitable definition than “symbolic interactionism”. My ideological position is this: what I do is a structural social psychology that is natural for sociology.

"If the sociologist E. Hughes has become the spiritual mentor of Hoffmann, then the social anthropol of U. Warner Hoffmann owes the theme of his master's thesis: "Some characteristics of reactions to depicted situations." Studying with the help of the thematic apperception test the audience of the Big Sister, popular in the 10ths of the radio series, Hoffmann imitates the Waerner study of the perception of “soap operas” by housewives.

However, the master's work on the assessment of Hoffmann himself was unsuccessful, its results were never published by them. Nevertheless, when preparing a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Hoffmann again turns to the plot borrowed from Warner. Inspired by the legendary Warner study of the town of Yankees-City, New Beriport, Massachusetts, Hoffmann sets himself the task of a detailed description of the daily behavior of the inhabitants of a small and secluded community.

In G., however, ignorance of agriculture gives it out with the head, local residents begin to suspect the Soviet spy in it. In total, Hoffmann spends eleven months between and years on the island. He leaves for a dissertation to Paris, where he plunges into the thick of European philosophical discussions. Written by him in the 10th years, they are replete with examples borrowed from J.

Sartre and S. returning to the United States two years later, Hoffmann married Angelica Shoet Twenty -Treeps of the Faculty of Psychology, defended his dissertation, not too successful and became his father - in the city of U. Warner, he found a support in his ability to consistent and consistent and became a consistent "Total" anthropological observation, which allowed to analyze in a single conceptual grid the specifics of the class organization of the community, intercolar mobility, everyday rituals, spatial accommodation, resident differences, legitimized narratives, etc., on the contrary, the genius of I.

Hoffmann - in the ability to focus on separate, simultaneously obvious obvious obvious And invisible, aspects of the daily life of a small community, discovering in them manifestations of a universal social order. For the Hoffmann, such an aspect is becoming common among the islanders of practice "representing themselves different." In these practices, Hoffman proves, the human desire to manage impressions of himself Impression Management is expression.

In the absence of physical obstacles outside the house and lack of light inside it, it is usually possible to observe the guest approaching the house, remaining unnoticed. Often, the islanders allowed themselves to admire for themselves, as the guest drives the former expression from his face in front of the door and replaces his secular-communal. However, some visitors, anticipating a neighboring exam, took the secular appearance at a distant distance from the house, thereby ensuring the constancy of the image demonstrated by another.

”The most clearly mechanics of the production of images and control of impressions appear in the theater representation: the efforts of all performers- decorators, make-up artists, working scenes and director are concentrated on maintaining some general“ determination of the situation ”of the key termin Symbolic integration, which Hoffmann uses a very voluntary analysis of a dramatic analysis-analysis of everyday interactions in the logic and metaphor of the theater performance.

Organized in the clear material boundaries of a building or institution. The approach developed in this work is the approach of the theater performance, and the following principles are dramatic principles. "Thanks to the" representing of oneself by another "concept" execution "," props "," troupe "," front and background "," faith in the executable party "," exiting the role "became tools of sociological analysis of everyday impressions.

The result It turns out to be a source of several other instrumental theoretical metaphors, which set the prospect of studying everyday social life, constituting the optics of its study: “place as a scene”, “communication as a demonstration”, “everyday artifacts as a props”.The dramatic optics rests on the distinction between the “depicted” and “images”, what is “represented” and what is “in fact”.

A special dramatic look is distinguished by the earlier work of the Hoffmann, for example, we find it in the article "Symbols of the class status" "In fact" this essay written by him at Chicago University as a reporting work on the course of Ernest Burges and in the city The class status - the "real" characteristic of the individual - is inaccessible to direct observation by others, however, it is "read" through the observed markers: clothes, tobacco variety, vocabulary, hairstyle, jewelry.

It is precisely because of the hidden, latent nature of the “genuine” quality that his images become objects of manipulations that are their purpose to either emphasize it, or to hide or completely “fake” it. Some aspects of adaptation to failure "1. In it, the author analyzes in detail the techniques used by street scammers in order to sacrifice an impression, having deprived her of the desire to go to the police.

The task of scammers is to reduce the situation and impose a new definition. This is the study- 1 Batygin proposed to translate the name of this article- in the original" On Cooling the Mark Out. SOME ASPECTS of Adaptation To FILURE " - as" sober attitude to apparently. "Abels in German used the expression" cold -blooded marking ". However, in both cases, the" bringing to the sense of "Cooling Out" of the victims of the victims of The Mark is not transferred.

The word "Mark" is borrowed from the slang of street criminals and literally translated as "sucker", "thrown". Hoffmann intentionally uses jargon vocabulary in the title of the article. This is manifested by his commitment to the traditions of urban ethnography, masking under a naive, atheoretical description. The book "Presenting himself to others in everyday life" became a sociological bestseller and was reprinted three years after the first publication.

Few pay attention to a small addition to the author during a reprint. His interest was focused on the structure of social contacts, direct interactions between people