Japan biography

Emperor Jimmu ascended the throne to the throne. On this day, Jimmu, a descendant of the goddess of the Sun Amaterasu, passed the intronization ceremony in the capital founded by him - in a place called Kasihara. Of course, there is no need to talk about any statehood in Japan of that time, as well as about the existence of Jimmu, and the Japanese themselves. The myth was introduced into everyday life and became part of the story.

In the year, Japan celebrated years since the founding of the empire. The latter was to become a bow of Jimmu and the Golden Kite, which appeared in the myth: “The army was beating Jimmu with the enemy, beating, but he could not defeat him in any way. Then suddenly the sky covered with clouds and a hail fell. And an amazing golden kite flew in, and sat on the upper edge of the sovereign onion.

The kite glowed and sparkled, he was like lightning. The enemies saw this and came in complete confusion, they didn’t have the strength to fight. ” After the defeat of Japan, in the Second World War, Jimmu is extremely rare and careful due to the strong connection of his image with militarism. Its structure and individual provisions were based on Chinese monuments of legal thought, but there were also significant differences.

Thus, the norms of criminal law in Japanese legislation were developed with much less thoroughness, which was also associated with the cultural characteristics of the Japanese state: it preferred to delegate the responsibility of the guilty and replace the physical reprisals of the criminals, so as not to bring the ritual impurity of Kaears caused by death.

Despite the fact that certain provisions of the arch are losing their relevance by the time of its creation, formally no one has canceled it until the adoption of the first Japanese constitution in the year. Until that time, each new ruler built a new residence. To remain in the palace, desecrated by the death of the previous sovereign, was considered dangerous.

But in the VIII century, the model of the nomadic capital no longer corresponded to the scale of the state. The first constant capital of Japan was the city of Nara. The place for its construction was chosen on the basis of geomantic geomancy, or Feng Shui, a way of orientation of buildings in the space in which they were located in such a way as to get the maximum amount of positive energy and get rid of the influence of the negative.

According to these parameters of the containing landscape, places for the construction of not only cities, but also the estates of aristocrats will be selected later. The city of Nara in the plan was a rectangle with an area of ​​25 square kilometers and copied the structure of the Chinese capital of Chan. Nine vertical and ten horizontal streets divided the space into equal quarters in area.

The Central Avenue Suzaku stretched from south to north and rested against the emperor’s residence. Tenno - the title of the Japanese emperor - was also a designation of a polar star, located motionless in the north of the sky. Like the star, the emperor viewed his possessions while in the north of the capital.

The nomination of the dock was all the more surprising that the social structure of Japanese society tightly determined the fate of a person. When assigning court ranks and the distribution of government posts, belonging to a particular family played a decisive role. Docko appeared in the state of court monks in the early xs. The glory of a skilled healer has been established for the docken.

Apparently, therefore, he was sent in the year to the chopped ex-impetrian Cocen. The monk not only managed to heal the former empress, but also become her closest adviser. According to the collection of Buddhist traditions “Nihon Ryika”, Docho from the South clan divided one pillow with the empress and controlled the Middle Kingdom. The empress demanded confirmation of the words of the oracle, and this time Hatiman said the following: “From the time of the beginning of our state to our days, it was determined to whom to be the sovereign, and to whom - subjects.

And it has not yet happened that the subject become the sovereign. The throne of the Sun of Heaven should be inherited by the imperial house. After the death of the Empress in the year, Docko was deprived of all ranks and positions and expelled from the capital, and a wary attitude towards the Buddhist Church lasted several more decades. Estamp Katsukawa Sonsyo.

In the year, Fujivar Yoshifusa becomes the first regent in Japanese history that did not come from the imperial family. They not only controlled current affairs, but also determined the order of the throne of the throne, forcing the most active rulers to renounce in favor of young heirs, who, as a rule, had family ties with Fujivar. Regents and chancellors reach the greatest power by the most power by the year.

These were mainly exchanges of embassies with the states of the Korean Peninsula, the state of Bohai Bohai - - the first state of Tungusomanchurov, located on the territory of Manchuria, the Primorsky Territory and in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. In the year, the emperor manages officials to discuss the details of the next embassy in the middle state of the Middle state - the self -name of China ..Officials, however, advise not to send the embassy at all.

Especially on this was the influential politician and famous poet Sugavara Mitizane. The main argument was an unstable political situation in China. Since that time, the official relations between Japan and China cease for a long time. In the historical perspective, this decision had many consequences. This process is reflected in almost all aspects of life, starting with architecture and ending with elegant literature.

China ceases to be considered a exemplary state, and subsequently Japanese thinkers to justify the uniqueness and superiority of Japan over the middle state will often indicate political instability on the mainland and a frequent change in ruling dynasties. The real policy is pursued by his advisers, regents, chancellors and ministers. This, on the one hand, deprives the ruling emperor of many powers, but, on the other hand, makes it impossible to criticize his person.

The emperor, as a rule, carries out sacred government. There were exceptions. One of the ways that emperors resorted to gaining political powers was the mechanism of renunciation of the throne, which allowed the ruler in the case of transferring power to the loyal succession to the control, not being constrained by ritual obligations. In the year, Emperor Siracava refuses the throne in favor of his eight-year-old son Khorikawa, then accepts tonsure, but continues to manage the affairs of the court, already being an ex-emperor.

Until the death that has overtaken him in the year, Siracava will dictate his will to both the ruling emperors and regentes and chancellors from the Fujiwar clan. This type of government of the state, carried out by the renouncing emperors, was called the Insae - "Board from the chapel." Despite the fact that the ruling emperor had sacred status, the ex-emperor was the head of the clan, and according to Confucian teachings, all the younger members of the clan should have observed his will.

The Confucian type of hierarchical relations was also widespread among the descendants of Shinto deities. However, in the XII century the situation is changing. Representatives of provincial military houses come to the political arena, among which Tyra and Minamoto had special influence. Tyra managed to achieve previously impossible - Tyra Kiyomori took the position of chief minister and managed to make his grandson the emperor.

The dissatisfaction of Tyra by other military houses and representatives of the imperial family reaches the climax in the year, which leads to a prolonged military conflict, which received the name "War of Tyra and Minamoto." In the year, Minamoto, under the guidance of a talented administrator and ruthless policy, Minamoto Yoritomo wins. From that time on the restoration of Meiji in Japan, a dual power system has been installed in Japan.

Emperors continue to send rituals, and shoguns, military rulers, pursue a real policy, are responsible for external relations and often intervene in the internal affairs of the imperial family. He did not receive an answer. Later - to no avail - several more similar messages were directed. Khubilai began to prepare a military expedition for the shores of Japan, and in the fall of the year the fleet of the Yuan empire, which also included Korean detachments, with a total number of 30 thousand people plundered the islands of Tsushima and Iki and reached the Hakat bay.

The Japanese troops were inferior to the enemy both in number and in weapons, but it practically did not reach the direct military clash. The flying storm stirred the ships of the Mongols, as a result of which they had to retire. Khubilai made a second attempt to conquer Japan in the year. Military operations lasted a little more than a week, after which the events of the seven years ago were repeated: the typhoon buried most of the huge Mongol fleet and plans for the conquest of Japan.

The emergence of ideas about Kamikadze is associated with these campaigns, which literally translates as a “divine wind”. For modern man, Kamikadze is primarily suicide pilots, but the very concept is much ancient. According to medieval ideas, Japan was the "country of deities." The synthesist deities that inhabited the archipelago protected it from external harmful effects.

The “Divine Wind”, which did not allow Hubilay to conquer Japan twice, was a confirmation of this. This allows us to talk about the Japanese monarchy as the oldest in the world. In history, however, there were periods of the split of the ruling dynasty. The most serious and long crisis, during which two sovereigns ruled Japan at the same time, was provoked by the Emperor of Godygo.

In the year, the positions of the Military House of Asikaga, led by Asikag Takaudi, intensify. The emperor resorted to his help in the fight against the shogunate. As a reward, Takaudi himself wished to take the position of shogun and control the actions of the Godyago. The political struggle takes the form of an open military confrontation, and in the year Asikag’s troops are defeating the imperial army.The Godgo was forced to renounce in favor of the new emperor, convenient Asikag.

Not wanting to put up with the circumstances, Godygo runs to the Yosino area in Yamato Province, where the so -called southern courtyard is founded. Up to a year in Japan, two centers of power will exist in parallel - the Northern Courtyard in Kyoto and the Southern Courtyard in Yosino. Both yards had their own emperors, appointed their shoguns, which made it almost impossible to determine the legitimate ruler.

In the year, Shogun Asikaga Yoshimitsa offers the southern court a truce and promises that from now on the throne will be inherited by representatives of the two lines of the imperial family. The proposal was accepted, and the end of the split was laid, but the shogunate did not keep his promise: the throne was occupied by representatives of the Northern Court.

In the historical perspective, these events were perceived extremely negatively. So, in the textbooks of history written in the period of Meiji, they preferred to keep silent about the Northern Court, calling the time from the year of Yosino. Asikaga Takauji was presented as a usurpator and enemy of the emperor, while the Godgo was described as an ideal ruler. The split inside the ruling house was perceived as an unacceptable event, which should not be remembered once again.

Often, the shogun acted as an arbiter in disputes arising between the provincial military. Another prerogative of the shogun was the appointment of military governors in the provinces. The posts became hereditary, which served as the enrichment of individual clans. The rivalry between the military houses for posts, as well as the struggle for the right to be called the head of a clan, did not bypass the Assikaga clan.